Diphthongs rules

Diphthongs, Modified Vowels and Vowel Digraphs
A diphthong is two vowel sounds in one syllable. The diphthong ow and ou make the ow sound as in cow.
1. Words with diphthongs ow and ou
blouse  cow     dowel  out       crown  ouch
house   bow     towel   pout     clown  pouch
mouse  how     vowel  about   frown  couch
found  now     growl   scout    down   tower
hound  wow    our       shout   gown   power
pound  plow    hour     snout   town    flower
round   owl      flour    sprout  mouth  shower
sound  fowl     loud     route    south   mountain
ground howl    proud   brown  count   thousand
When the consonant r after the vowel a, it changes the sound of the vowel as in ark.
2. Modified vowels: är words
bar       star      hark     cart      farmer  barber
car       bard     lark      dart      harm    garden
far        card     mark    mart     alarm   harbor
gar       guard   park     part      charm  harness
jar        hard     shark    tart       arch     harvest
mar      yard     spark    chart    march  market
par       ark       barn     start     carp     pardon
tar        bark     yarn     arm      harp     regard
spar      dark     art        farm     sharp    sparkle
A diphthong is two vowels sounds in one syllable. The diphthongs oi and oy make the oi sound as in oil.
3. Words with diphthongs oi and oy
oil        soil       point    moist   toy       enjoy
boil      broil     voice    noise    coin     destroy
coil      spoil     choice  boy      join      loyal
fail       joint     hoist    joy       poison  royalty
When the consonant r comes after the vowel o, it changes the sound of the vowel as in for. The or sound is marked like this: côrn.
4. Modified vowel ôr words
Lord    fort      core     snore    torch    north
door     port      more    store    born     acorn
floor    short    sore      horse    corn     corner
fork     sport    tore      storm   horn     organ
stork    forty    score    porch   thorn    uniform
A vowel digraph has two vowels that make one sound. The digraph oo makes the sound of oo as in zoo.
5. Words with the vowel digraph oo as in zoo
broom  moose  soon     pool     zoo      smooth
room    noodle spoon   spool    shoot   food
hoop    poodle roost    stool    roof     balloon
loop     too       rooster school  proof   igloo
goose   moon   tool      boot     booth   raccoon
loose    moon   fool      root      tooth    snooze
A vowel digraph has two vowels that make one sound. The digraph oo makes the sound of oo as in look.
6. Words with the vowel digraph oo as in book; o, u, and ou can say oo
book    brook   good    wool    wolf     bull
cook    crook   hood    woolen            wolves full
hook    shook   stood   foot     put       pull
look     cookie  wood   soot     bush     could
nook    booklet            woody unhook            push     would
took     brooklet           wooden           lookout            cushion            should
When the consonant r comes after the vowel e, it changes the sound of the vowel as in herd. The er sound is a combination of the schwa (ə) and r sounds.
7. Modified vowel er words
herd     sister    circle    birthday           turkey  early
germ    cracker circus   thirteen            purple  earn
term     hammer           bird      thirty   hurry    learn
fern      pitcher third    fur       nurse    earth
eternal rocker  girl       curb     purse    word
verse    water   firm     church burst    work
serve    zipper  squirrel            injure   hurt      world
person  fir        dirt      sure      curtain worm
father   sir        shirt     curl      turtle    worry
mother stir       skirt     burn     heard   worship
brother giraffe first      turn      pearl    worth
The vowel o makes different sounds and one of them is the sound of ô as in dôg.
8. Words with the sound of ô as in dog
off       moth    claw     draw    crawl   taught
dog      belong small    straw   shawl   fault
fog       strong  stall      thaw    sprawl  ought
hog      wrong  talk      dawn   faucet  brought
log       ball      walk    fawn    awning            fought
frog     call       stalk     lawn    awful   brought
smog    fall       salt       yawn   auto     thought
boss     hall      malt     brawn  because            autumn
toss      mall     law      drawn  caught haughty
cross    tall       paw     hawk   daughter          laundry
cloth    wall     saw      brawl   naughty           cough (f)
You have learned the sound of är as in arm. These letters also make the sound of are as in squâre.
9. Modified âre words
bare     blare    fair       pear     cherry  aware
care      flare     hair      tear      their     barrel
dare     share    pair      wear    where  dairy
hare     carry    stair     berry    there    errand
rare      marry   chair    ferry    carrot   error
ware    air        bear     merry   parrot   square
The letter c usually has the sound of s when it is followed by the vowels e, i, or y. This is called the soft sound of c. Likewise, the soft sound of the letter g makes the j sound when it is followed by e, i, or y.
10. The soft sounds of the letters c and g
ice        juice     glance  necklace          badge  hedge
dice     base     city      circle    large    pledge
lice       face     cymbals           circus   barge   engine
mice     lace      ounce   age       charge  giraffe
nice      pace     bounce cage     gem     hinge
rice      race      pounce gage     ridge    danger
vice      brace    fence   page     bridge  giant
slice     place    pencil   rage     gum     orange
spice    space   prince  sage     gypsy   range
price    trace    lettuce stage    Egypt  change
twice   chance celery   wage    wedge manger
A vowel digraph has two vowels that makes one sound. The digraph ea makes the sound of e as in head.
11. Words with the vowel digraph ea which has the short vowel e sound
dead    dread   thread  meant  threat   sweater
head    spread  deaf     weapons          breath  weather
lead     stead    breakfast         peasant            death   headache
read     steady  health  pleasant           feather treasure
ready   instead wealth pleasure           heather            measure
bread   tread    cleanser           sweat   leather